Faramarzi argues that Sunnis have also been disadvantaged economically. She writes that “unemployment is high in Sunni-majority areas” and that they suffer from “poor government services” although she says this may be because they live in remote areas.
Using data from Iran’s Statistical Center and looking at unemployment rates, public hospital beds, health houses and literacy rates, I have come to a different conclusion.
Figure 1 shows the unemployment rate in the fall of 2017 with colors representing the percentage of Sunni population in each province (darker color means more Sunnis). While Kermanshah province, with an almost 30 percent Sunni population, has the highest unemployment rate (25.6 percent), Hormozgan with 40 percent Sunnis enjoys the lowest unemployment rate (7.5 percent). Sistan and Balochistan and Kordestan, two Sunni majority provinces, have 11.3 and 12.1 unemployment rates, which are close to the national average of 11.9 percent. Thus, unemployment rates are not distinguishably higher in Sunni-majority areas.
The second figure demonstrates two different indicators. The first indicator, shown in the form of bar graph, is the number of health houses (Khaneh Behdashat), which provide medical care in rural areas, per 1000 population. The second indicator, shown in the form of a line, indicates the number of public hospital beds per 1000 population. Sistan and Balochistan, a Sunni-majority province, suffers from the lowest number of public hospital beds. However, it is followed by Kohgiluyeh, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan provinces, three Shia-majority provinces. The two Sunni-majority provinces have a higher number of health houses per 10000 people than the national average.
A more nuanced approach to understanding the dynamics of sectarianism and development is to examine provinces that have a mixed population of Shia and Sunni. Selecting four Shia-majority and four Sunni-majority counties where at least 80 percent of the population belongs to one of these sects, I examined the literacy rate, a significant index of human development. Thirty percent of Kermanshah’s population is composed of Sunnis. The Sunni population makes up more than 80 percent of Solas-e Babajani county, and more than 90 percent of Ravansar, Javanrud, and Paveh counties. On the other hand, Shias compose more than 90 percent of Harsin, Gilane Gharb, Sonqor, and Sahneh counties.
A comparison of literacy rate suggests no meaningful difference between Shia and Sunni counties. In fact, the Sunni-majority counties have a slightly higher literacy rate than Shia-majority areas.
West Azarbaijan is a province in the northwest of the country with a 42 percent Sunni population. While the southern part of the province is made up of Sunni-majority counties, Shias are the majority in northern counties. Each of the selected counties has either more than 85 percent Shia population or Sunni population. As Figure 4 suggests, there is no meaningful distinction between Shia-majority and Sunni-majority counties in West Azarbaijan as well.
In conclusion, I would like to emphasize three major points. First, it is true that the Sunni population in Iran is unable to reach higher political roles such as cabinet ministers and governorships as well as president and Supreme Leader, although a number of Sunnis have been appointed as Bakhshadar (district governor) and Farmandar (county governor) in recent years. Sunnis can also serve in the Assembly of Experts, contrary to what Faramazi has written. In fact, currently three members of the Assembly represent the Sunni population – one from Sistan and Baluchistan and two from Kordestan.
Second, Sunnis constitute ten percent or eight million of the Iranian population, rather than 15 million. Third, according to my research, the government does not systematically and intentionally favor Shias over Sunnis in its socio-economic policies.
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